樓梯結構有多少種

按結構形(xing)式(shi)和受力特點樓(lou)梯形(xing)式(shi)可分為板式(shi)、梁式(shi)、懸挑(剪刀)式(shi)和螺(luo)旋式(shi)，前兩種屬于平面受力體(ti)系，后兩種則為空間(jian)受力體(ti)系。

板(ban)(ban)式樓梯(ti)是由(you)梯(ti)段(duan)(duan)板(ban)(ban)、平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)板(ban)(ban)和平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)梁組成(cheng)。梯(ti)段(duan)(duan)板(ban)(ban)是一(yi)塊帶踏步的(de)斜(xie)板(ban)(ban)，斜(xie)板(ban)(ban)支承于(yu)上(shang)、下平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)梁上(shang)，底層下端支承在地壟墻(qiang)上(shang)。板(ban)(ban)式樓梯(ti)的(de)優點是梯(ti)段(duan)(duan)板(ban)(ban)下表面平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)，支模簡單；其缺(que)點是梯(ti)段(duan)(duan)板(ban)(ban)跨度較(jiao)大(da)(da)時，斜(xie)板(ban)(ban)厚度較(jiao)大(da)(da)，結構材料用量(liang)較(jiao)多。因此板(ban)(ban)式樓梯(ti)適用于(yu)可變荷(he)載較(jiao)小、梯(ti)段(duan)(duan)板(ban)(ban)跨度一(yi)般不大(da)(da)于(yu)3m的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)。

板式樓梯的(de)內力(li)計算包括梯段(duan)板、平(ping)臺板和(he)平(ping)臺梁(liang)的(de)內力(li)計算   。

1) 梯段板

梯段(duan)板(ban)(ban)和平臺板(ban)(ban)都支承(cheng)于平臺梁上，為簡化(hua)計(ji)算，通常將梯段(duan)板(ban)(ban)和平臺板(ban)(ban)分開(kai)計(ji)算，但(dan)在計(ji)算及(ji)構造上要考慮它們相互間的整體作用(yong)。

梯(ti)段板(ban)(ban)(ban)計(ji)算時，一般取1 m寬的(de)板(ban)(ban)(ban)帶作為(wei)計(ji)算單元，并將(jiang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)帶簡(jian)化為(wei)斜(xie)(xie)向簡(jian)支板(ban)(ban)(ban)。為(wei)計(ji)算梯(ti)段板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)內力(li)，將(jiang)荷載分(fen)解為(wei)垂(chui)直于斜(xie)(xie)板(ban)(ban)(ban)和平行于斜(xie)(xie)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)兩個分(fen)量(liang)，平行于斜(xie)(xie)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)均布荷載使(shi)其(qi)產生軸力(li)，其(qi)值不大，可以忽略。垂(chui)直于斜(xie)(xie)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)荷載分(fen)量(liang)使(shi)其(qi)產生彎矩(ju)和剪力(li)。

梁(liang)式樓梯的內(nei)力計算(suan)，包括踏步板(ban)、梯段斜梁(liang)、平臺(tai)板(ban)和平臺(tai)梁(liang)的內(nei)力計算(suan)。

1) 踏(ta)(ta)步板：踏(ta)(ta)步板是由斜板和踏(ta)(ta)步組成，從梯段板中取出一個踏(ta)(ta)步板作為計(ji)(ji)算單元，踏(ta)(ta)步板為梯形截面，計(ji)(ji)算時(shi)可(ke)按截面面積相等(deng)的原(yuan)則折算為等(deng)寬度(du)的矩(ju)形截面。

2) 梯段(duan)(duan)斜梁：梯段(duan)(duan)斜梁承(cheng)受由踏步板傳來的均布荷載(zai)和自重，其(qi)計算(suan)原理同板式樓(lou)梯中的梯段(duan)(duan)斜板。

3) 平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)板(ban)與平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)梁(liang)(liang)：與板(ban)式樓(lou)梯的計算基本相同(tong)，不(bu)同(tong)的是梁(liang)(liang)式樓(lou)梯的平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)梁(liang)(liang)除承(cheng)受平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)板(ban)傳來的均布荷載和平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)梁(liang)(liang)自(zi)重外(wai)，還承(cheng)受梯段斜(xie)梁(liang)(liang)傳來的集中荷載。

梯(ti)段(duan)斜(xie)(xie)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)厚度一般取h=(1/30～1/25) l0，l0為(wei)斜(xie)(xie)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)水平(ping)(ping)方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跨(kua)(kua)度。板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跨(kua)(kua)中(zhong)(zhong)配(pei)(pei)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)按計算確(que)定(ding)，考慮(lv)到斜(xie)(xie)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)與(yu)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)梁及(ji)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)性，斜(xie)(xie)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)端應按構(gou)造(zao)設置承受負(fu)彎矩作用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼筋(jin)(jin)(jin)，設置負(fu)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)不(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)l0/4的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長度，其(qi)數(shu)量一般取跨(kua)(kua)中(zhong)(zhong)截面(mian)配(pei)(pei)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1/2，在梁或(huo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錨固長度不(bu)(bu)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)30d，在垂直受力筋(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)設置分布(bu)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)，每級踏(ta)步板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)內受力鋼筋(jin)(jin)(jin)不(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)少于(yu)(yu)(yu)2φ8，延板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)斜(xie)(xie)向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分布(bu)鋼筋(jin)(jin)(jin)不(bu)(bu)少于(yu)(yu)(yu)φ8@250。梯(ti)段(duan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)配(pei)(pei)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)可采用(yong)(yong)彎起式(shi)，也(ye)可采用(yong)(yong)分離式(shi)。 梁式(shi)樓梯(ti)是(shi)由踏(ta)步板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、梯(ti)段(duan)斜(xie)(xie)梁、平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)梁組成。踏(ta)步板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)支(zhi)承于(yu)(yu)(yu)梯(ti)段(duan)斜(xie)(xie)梁上，梯(ti)段(duan)斜(xie)(xie)梁支(zhi)承于(yu)(yu)(yu)上、下(xia)(xia)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)梁上，斜(xie)(xie)梁可位于(yu)(yu)(yu)踏(ta)步板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)面(mian)或(huo)上面(mian)。當梯(ti)段(duan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)水平(ping)(ping)方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跨(kua)(kua)度大于(yu)(yu)(yu)3.0 m～3.3 m時，采用(yong)(yong)梁式(shi)樓梯(ti)較為(wei)經濟，其(qi)缺點是(shi)施(shi)工時支(zhi)模比較復雜(za)，外觀也(ye)顯(xian)得(de)(de)笨重。